国外机床集锦---【二】

小编薇薇

【一】
Hogarth V.L.15 production lathe


Neither "Hogarth" or "Accura" were the name of a machine-tool manufacturer but a brand used during the 1930s by an English import company - almost certainly Soag Machine Tools of London SE2. The lathes were then offered directly to end users, badged "Accura" or, for distribution through larger and more successful independent dealers such as Percy Martin of Leicester, as "Hogarth". It is entirely possible that other names were used as well - reflecting a situation almost as confusing as that during the later years of the 20th century when machines from the Far East arrived packed with a selection of spurious brand-name labels for the importer or wholesale dealer to affix.  
Of the known types, six variations on a single model of the "Hogarth" were offered: the almost identical VR-18, VRZ-21 and VRA-23 versions of 7, 8.25 and 9-inch centre height respectively and a range of lathes badged VR-21, VRZ-23 and VRA-25 that, whilst looking very similar, were of generally more massive proportions and heavier build. Soag appear to have advertised only one version of the "Accura", the Model DH-17, a machine identical to the "Hogarth" VRZ-21 in all but its 17 to 750 rpm speed range. Of amazingly clean, angular lines for their era all these lathes would, if mounted on full cabinet stands, still not have looked out of place in the late 1960s. A rather different "Hogarth", a production version, the V.L.15, with a limited number of speeds and feeds, was also listed.
For both size groups quite why such differing model designations were used is a mystery for, apart from the height of the headstock and tailstock castings (and presumably the necessary alterations to saddle, cross and top slides to adjust the tool height) each machine (in the two groups) was identical to the others and shared the same bed, headstock contents, screwcutting gearbox, apron, leadscrew, powershaft and even (when fitted) size of electric motor. As a concession to size, and to allow better use to be made of the gap-turning capacity, the speed range of the VRA-23 was slightly modified from the 15 to 650 rpm of the smaller pair to 12 to 540 rpm. The VR-18, VRZ-21 and VRA-23 lathes had a V-way, chilled cast-iron bed 11.375-inches wide with heavy cross bracing and to a Brinelle hardness of approximately 200. The carriage ran on the outer pair of Vees and the tailstock on an inner V-way and flat. All equipped as standard with a detachable gap piece with the maximum diameters that could be turned being (respectively): 21.5-inches, 24-inches and 25.5-inches - and the greatest thickness that could be accommodated on a faceplate the same, at 8-inches, for all machines.
Continued below:




"Hogarth" Model VR-18. The VRZ-21 and VRA-23 versions of the lathe were both of almost identical appearance


Continued:
The 12-speed oil-bath headstock was of interesting construction with the 2-inch bore spindle in a tough steel, ground finished and running in a pair of parallel-bore bronze bearings tapered on their outside to allow for adjustment by serrated ring nuts and with end thrust taken by a ball race. The main drive gear was of a "semi-helical" form, keyed to the spindle in the usual place immediately behind the front bearing. The three headstock layshafts all ran on ball races and carried hardened nickel-chrome steel gears with the input shaft at the rear carrying two multi-plate clutches - in a manner eventually adopted by Colchester in the 1960s - and by which means the spindle could be instantly started, stopped and reversed by a single lever on top of the headstock. The headstock was closed by a rear-hinged cover that fitted into a lipped recess arranged around the periphery of the opening; in the bottom of the recess was a series of drain holes to return lubricant that had leaked passed the edges of the lid. Leadscrew reverse gears, controlled by a lever, were positioned on the inside of the headstock, where they benefited from the headstock oil supply. The headstock could be arranged for drive by either flat belt from an overhead line-shaft system - in which case the input pulley was 8-inches in diameter and 3.125-inches wide - or by a motor fastened to an adjustable plate on the back of the bed in which case a V-pulley was used.
The compound slide rest was fitted with taper gib strips and both top and cross slides had micrometer dials of - typically for the era - far too small a diameter.
The oil-bath screwcutting gearbox was of the Norton quick-change type and able to generate a useful 40 English pitches from 2 to 28 t.p.i and, with the aid of extra changewheels, 24 metric from 0.5 to 9 mm pitch. Unusually, the box was fitted with a coarse-threading attachment whereby a 2 or 16-times increase in pitch could be obtained - though the drive was still taken down the standard 1.375-inch diameter by 4 t.p.i. leadscrew rather than through an auxiliary shaft at the back of the bed as was sometimes used by other makers.
The apron was of the proper double-wall type with the all-steel gears running in oil splashed up from a sump supply. Power sliding and surfacing feeds were provided by a separate keyed power shaft geared from the leadscrew just outboard of the screwcutting gearbox. The shaft passed through the usual type of worm-and-wheel mechanism connected to a train of gears whose selection and engagement was controlled by a single 3-position quadrant lever on the face of the apron. There was no engagement clutch and, whilst the sliding feed could be automatically disengaged by an adjustable collar on the power shaft (but only when moving towards the headstock), the cross feed could only be stopped by returning the engage/selection lever to its central position. Sliding rates of feed varied from 0.0031 to 0.047-inches and surfacing from 0.0016 to 0.024-inches per revolution of the spindle.
The set-over tailstock was heavily built with a 1.75-inch, 3-Morse taper barrel with a double clamp.
All models were available with 30, 40 50 or 60 inches between centres and weighed from 2050 lbs for the shortest bed VR-18 to 3400 lbs for the longest bed VRA-21.
The heavier machines, catalogued as the VR-21, VRZ-23 and VRA-25 had centre heights of 8.25, 9 and 10-inches respectively with the ability to turn in their gaps a disc of material 9-inches thick and, respectively, 25.5-inches, 27-inches and 28.5-inches in diameter.
Although the lathes all used a bed that was, at 12.75-inches, wider and heavier than that used on the smaller range the headstock internals and its bearings were identical - though the 12 spindle speeds were arranged to be slightly slower at between 12 and 540 r.p.m. and a 4-step V-pulley was used from the 4 or 5 h.p. motor. Although the screwcutting gearbox, powershaft and apron also appeared to be identical the feeds were slowed slightly to between 0.0039 and 0.059-inches per revolution of the spindle sliding and 0.0020 and 0.0276-inches surfacing.
Available bed lengths gave a choice of 40, 50 or 60 inches between centres with weights varying from a low of approximately 2640 lbs on the short-bed VR-21 to a maximum of 4530 lbs for a long-bed VRA-25..



Hogarth VS18 - the flat-belt drive version of the VR-18
  
  

The oil-bath headstock  had a 2-inch bore spindle in a tough steel, ground finished and running in a pair of parallel-bore bronze bearings tapered on their outside to allow for adjustment by serrated ring nuts and with end thrust taken by a ball race.  

  
Simple diagram of the Hogarth's geared headstock

The apron was of the proper double-wall type with the all-steel gears running in oil splashed up from a sump supply. Power sliding and surfacing feeds were provided by a separate keyed power shaft geared from the leadscrew just outboard of the screwcutting gearbox.



Optional taper-turning attachment. Note the large pressed-steel swarf guard



Hogarth V.L.15生产车床



“Hogarth”或“Accura”都不是机床制造商的名字，而是英国进口公司在20世纪30年代使用的品牌 - 几乎可以肯定伦敦SE2的Soag机床。然后，车床直接提供给终端用户，标有“Accura”的标签，或者通过更大，更成功的独立经销商（如莱斯特的Percy Martin）的“Hogarth”分销。其他名字也完全可能被使用 - 反映的情况几乎与20世纪晚期的远东机器到来时一样，混杂着一些虚假的进口商或批发品牌标签经销商加贴。
在已知类型中，“Hogarth”的单一型号提供了六种变型：分别为7,8.25和9英寸中心高度的几乎相同的VR-18，VRZ-21和VRA-23型号以及一系列车床标有VR-21，VRZ-23和VRA-25，虽然看起来非常相似，但通常比较重的比例和更重的构建。 Soag似乎只宣传了一款“Accura”，型号DH-17，与“Hogarth”VRZ-21完全相同，只有17到750转的速度范围。在他们那个时代，如果把它们安装在整个橱柜的立柱上，所有这些车床都会有惊人的干净，棱角分明的线条，但在20世纪60年代后期，它们还是没有看上去不合适。一个相当不同的“Hogarth”，生产版本，V.L.15，速度和饲料数量有限，也列出。
对于这两个尺寸组，为什么这种不同的型号名称被使用是一个谜，除了头部和尾座铸件的高度（大概是必要的鞍座，十字和顶部滑动来调整工具高度的变化）每台机器（在两个组）是相同的，共享相同的床，头架内容物，螺旋齿轮箱，挡板，导螺杆，传动轴，甚至（当安装时）电动机尺寸。作为一个让步的尺寸，并且为了更好地利用翻转能力，VRA-23的速度范围从较小对的15到650转/分钟到12到540转/分钟稍微改变。 VR-18，VRZ-21和VRA-23车床具有V型冷锻铸铁床，宽11.375英寸，重交叉支撑，布氏硬度约为200.车架在外侧的Vees内部V型和尾部平台。所有标准装备的可拆卸缝隙件的最大直径可以分别为：21.5英寸，24英寸和25.5英寸，最大厚度可以容纳在同一面板上，8所有机器的英寸。
续下：




“Hogarth”VR-18型号。车床的VRZ-21和VRA-23版本几乎都是相同的外观



继续：
12速油浴缸主轴箱的结构非常有趣，2英寸钻孔主轴采用坚韧的钢材制成，磨削完成，并在一对平行孔青铜轴承的外部逐渐变细，以便通过锯齿状的环形螺母进行调整，与终点冲击采取了一场球赛。主传动齿轮为“半螺旋”形式，紧挨着前轴承后面的通常位置的主轴。三个主轴箱中间轴全部在球座上运转，并带有硬铬镍钢齿轮，后部的输入轴带有两个多片式离合器 - 最终在20世纪60年代由科尔切斯特采用 - 这意味着主轴可以是立即开始，停止并通过主轴箱顶部的单个杠杆反转。主轴箱由一个后部铰接的盖子封闭，该盖子安装在围绕开口周边布置的唇口凹槽中;在凹槽的底部有一系列的排水孔，以回流已经泄漏的润滑剂通过盖子的边缘。由杠杆控制的导螺杆倒档位于主轴箱的内侧，从主轴箱供油中受益。主轴箱可以安装在由架空线轴系统的平皮带驱动，在这种情况下，输入皮带轮的直径为8英寸，宽度为3.125英寸，或者通过电机固定在背面的可调节板上在这种情况下使用V形滑轮的床。
复合滑动架上装有锥形条，顶部和横向滑板上都有微米刻度盘 - 典型的是这个时代 - 直径太小了。
油浴螺旋齿轮箱是诺顿快速更换式齿轮箱，能够产生从2到28t.p.i的有用的40个英制节距，并且借助于额外的转轮，从0.5到9mm节距的24个公制。通常情况下，箱子上装有一个粗螺纹附件，从而可以使螺距增加2或16倍 - 尽管驱动装置仍然以4t.p.i的速度下降到1.375英寸的标准直径。而不是像其他制造商所使用的那样通过床后部的辅助轴。

小编薇薇

【二】
An Operation & Maintenance Manual is available for the Accuratool lathe



Distributed by Dowland & Doll, one of UK's leading specialist machine-tool agents during the 1950s and 1960s, the Accuratool capstan lathe was built in at least three version, the two shown here and a larger, more sophisticated type. Designed to complete with similar, lighter machines from Murad, Exacta, Smart & Brown and the conversions of standard centre lathes offered by such as Raglan, Atlas and Churchill, the two smaller types were listed as Capstan and Second Operation models. However, both were identical in all but one of their mechanical aspects - the through-collet capacity of the former being 5/8" (16 mm) and the latter 13/16" (21 mm). The essential difference between the two versions lay with the equipment fitted as standard - the capstan being equipped with the usual bed-mounted 6-station turret head and either a lever or screw-operated cut-off and forming slide while the second operation model had a lever-operated compound slide assembly and a tailstock arranged for the quick travel of its No. 2 Morse spindle by the use of a 4-spoke capstan handle. Of course, equipment could be provided to convert one lathe into the other - yet, unusually and inexplicably, the makers did not bother to offer a general-purpose toolmaker's type with ordinary screw-driven feeds to the compound slide and tailstock - something that most other makers of the type did, typical examples being the Smart and Brown Model L,  Schaublin 102 and Mikron 90.
Carried on a cabinet stand constructed from heavy-gauge welded steel plate (with a deep, full-length chip tray and a coolant tank bolted to its right-hand face), the lathe had a centre height of  4 inches over the bed and just under 1.5 inches over the cross-slide. Drive came from an oil-bath lubricated 2-speed motor-gearbox unit (that incorporated a multi-plate clutch) mounted in the base of the stand. Able to be ordered as either a 2 h.p. 1430 r.p.m. single speed, or a 1.5/0.75 h.p. 1430/710 r.p.m. 2-speed, the motor was mounted on top of the gearbox and drove down to it using a standard V-belt running over a 4-step pulley. Fitted with the single-speed motor the spindle could be made to rotate at 75, 125, 200 and 330 r.p.m. in low range and 675, 1125, 1800 and 3000 r.p.m in high while with the 2-speed version fitted the sixteen speeds ran from 37 to 3000 r.p.m. However, as an option for customers doing mainly small diameter work needing higher speeds, an alternative range running up to 4000 r.p.m. was available. Drive was taken to the spindle by a pair of segmental belts, tension being adjusted in the usual way by adding or subtracting links.
A single lever, positioned within easy reach of the operator's left hand, controlled the clutch and gearchange; without having to waste time stopping the motor, moving the lever to the left from its central, neutral position gave the low-speed range and moving it from centre to the right the high-speed setting - the lever could also be pushed to an inward position where the same left and right movements gave spindle speeds in reverse. The multi-plate clutch, an oil-immersed type, was designed to absorb endless abuse and so was able to stop and start the spindle several times a minute without slipping, dragging or wearing out prematurely.
Running in a pair of opposed, high-precision taper roller bearings at the front and roller bearings at the rear, the high-tensile steel spindle carried dead-length collets opened and closed by a lever mechanism - an air-operated attachment also being available. Although the spindle nose lacked a thread and was equipped just for collets, the makers did offer a backplate conversion - it replaced the collet-closing sleeve - that allowed chucks and other fittings to be mounted.
Carrying six tools mounted on 3/4" shanks, the capstan head had a stroke of up to 3 inches and could be arranged so that there was a maximum clearance between it and a collet nose of 10.5 inches. As an option the turret could be fitted with an air-hydraulic drive unit, this being mounted at the rear with the necessary compressor built into the motor-gearbox unit (the air supply generated also being used for a the bar-feed and headstock collet-closer and spindle brake attachments).
Both the standard lever-operated and optional screw-type cut-off and forming slides fitted to the capstan version had a maximum space between front and back toolposts of 4.25 inches with cutting tools up to 3/8" square able to be fitted. The lever-operated compound slide rest - as fitted to the second-operation version of the lathe - was able to be swung 45° each side of central with both top and cross slide having the same 4 inches of travel. Rather handily, instead of needing a spanner and screwdriver to adjust, the travel stops could be set by hand, each being provided with a knurled-edge disc on their end.
One useful accessory, employed for short but large diameter screwcutting work, was the heavily-built thread-chasing attachment. Driven by changewheels - and so of the more complex type - it could generate, for each master thread and follower fitted, three different pitches in the ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 4 : 1. The cutting tool, held in an adjustable holder with a micrometer dial graduated in 0.001" , was intended to be of the: "D. and D. ground-form circular type with which a new cutting edge is readily obtained by rotating the cutter." A forward-pointing curved arm was used to rotate the cutter assembly into position, the end of the arm resting on a hardened adjustable guide positioned at the front of the cross slide. The guide was formed with an angled section at one end that caused the tool to be automatically lifted clear of the job as the cut was finished. Taper threads could be generated by fitting a spring-loaded follower and setting the guide block at an angle.
Supplied as standard with each new machine was a single-speed 3-phase motor, a complete set of switchgear, an electric coolant pump, tank and associated fittings, one round collet and the necessary spanners and keys..

Accuratool capstan lathe with 5/8" collet capacity and fitted with the standard cut-off slide and 6-station bed-mounted capstan unit
  

Accuratool Second Operation lathe with l13/16" (21 mm) collet capacity, a lever-operated compound slide rest, capstan-handle operated tailstock and the optional thread-chasing attachment


Thread Chasing Attachment
Heavily-built and, being driven by changewheels, of the more complex kind, the thread-chasing attachment could generate, for each master thread and follower fitted, three different pitches in the ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 4 : 1. The chasing tool was set in an adjustable holder with a micrometer dial graduated in 0.001" and was designed to use "D. and D. ground-form circular chasers with which a new cutting edge is readily obtained by rotating the cutter." A forward-pointing curved arm rotated the cutter assembly into position, the outer end of the arm resting on a hardened adjustable guide (see left in the picture) formed with an angle at one end that caused the tool to be automatically lifted clear of the job as the cut was finished. Taper threads could be generated by fitting a spring-loaded follower and setting the guide block at an angle
  

Drive came from an oil-bath lubricated motor-gearbox unit (that incorporated a multi-plate clutch) mounted in the base of a cabinet stand constructed from heavy gauge welded sheet steel. The motor, mounted on top of the gearbox with initial drive by V-belt running over a 4-step pulley, could be had a 2 h.p. 1430 r.p.m. single speed or a 1.5/0.75 h.p. 1430/710 r.p.m. 2-speed.
As an option, an built-in air compressor was could be fitted, the supply being used to drive extra-cost fittings that provided air-hydraulic actuation of the turret, headstock collet closer, spindle brake and bar feed


Lever-operated compound slide rest as fitted to the second-operation version of the Accuratool capstan lathe. Able to be swung 45° each side of central, both top and cross slide had 4 inches of travel

  
Optional screw-operated cut-off and forming slide fitted to the capstan version of the Accuratool. The maximum space between front and back toolposts was 4.25" and the maximum size of cutting tool accommodated 3/8" square


Carrying six tools mounted on 3/4" shanks, the capstan head had a stroke of up to 3 inches and could be arranged so that there was a maximum clearance between it and a collet nose of 10.5 inches. The turret could also be fitted with an air-hydraulic drive unit, this being mounted at the rear with a compressor built into the motor-gearbox unit (the air supply generated also being used for the optional bar-feed, headstock collet-closer and brake attachments).


Air-hydraulic turret attachment
  

Capstan handled tailstock: the No. 2 Morse taper spindle had 3.25" of travel


Headstock equipped with air-operated collet closer. A spindle brake unit, with Ferodo-lined shoes, was also available


Accuratool车床有操作和维护手册



在20世纪50年代和60年代，由英国领先的专业机床代理Dowland＆Doll分销，Accuratool绞盘车至少有三个版本，这里展示了两个版本，还有一个更大，更复杂的类型。设计用于完成Murad，Exacta，Smart＆Brown等类似轻型机器，以及由Raglan，Atlas和Churchill等提供的标准中心车床的转换，这两种较小型号被列为Capstan和Second Operation模型。然而，两者的机械性能完全相同，前者的夹头容量为16mm，后者为13/16“（21mm）。这两个版本之间的主要区别在于装备了标准的设备 - 绞盘配备了通常的卧式六工位转塔头和一个杠杆或螺旋操作的切断和成形滑块，而第二个操作模型杠杆操作的复合滑动组件和尾座，通过使用4辐条绞盘手柄，使其2号莫尔斯主轴快速行进。当然，可以提供设备来将一台车床转换成另一台车床 - 但是，异乎寻常和莫名其妙的是，制造商并没有提供通用的模具制造商类型，普通的螺杆驱动进给复合滑台和尾座 - 这是最其他类型的制造商，典型的例子是智能和布朗模型L，Schaublin 102和米克朗90。
在由厚壁焊接钢板（深度全长的切屑托盘和冷却液罐用螺栓固定在右手面上）构成的柜台上，车床的中心高度为4英寸，刚好低于横向滑动1.5英寸。驱动器来自安装在支架底座上的油浴润滑的2档电动机变速箱（装有多片式离合器）。能够订购为2 h.p. 1430 r.p.m.单速或1.5 / 0.75h.p. 1430/710 r.p.m. 2速，电机安装在变速箱的顶部，并使用标准三角皮带运行在四级皮带轮上，向下驱动。装有单速电机的主轴可以在75,125,200和330转/分下旋转。在低速范围内，高速时为675,1125,1800和3000转/分钟，而在2速版本的情况下，16速度从37到3000转/分钟。然而，作为主要进行小直径工作的客户的一种选择，需要更高的速度，可选择的范围可达4000转/分钟。可用。通过一对分段带将驱动装置带到主轴上，通过增加或减少连接以常规方式调节张力。
位于操作员左手可轻松到达的单个手柄控制离合器和换档;而不必浪费时间停止电机，从中央的中立位置向左移动控制杆给出了低速范围，并将其从中心向右移动到高速设置 - 也可以将控制杆向内推动相同的左右运动使主轴转速相反的位置。多片式离合器是一种油浸型，旨在吸收无休止的恶习，因此能够一分钟停止和启动主轴几次，而不会滑倒，拖拽或过早磨损。
运行在前部的​​一对相对的高精度圆锥滚子轴承和后部的滚子轴承上，高强度钢制主轴通过杠杆机构打开和关闭死角的夹头 - 还有一个气动附件。虽然主轴头没有螺纹，只装配了夹头，但是制造商确实提供了一种背板转换 - 它取代了夹头闭合套筒 - 允许安装卡盘和其他配件。
在3/4“柄上安装六把工具，绞盘头的行程可达3英寸，并且可以布置成与10.5英寸的夹头之间有最大的间隙，作为选项，炮塔可以是配备一个气液压驱动单元，安装在电机齿轮箱内部所需的压缩机的后部（产生的气源也用于棒料进给和头架夹头闭合器和主轴制动器附件） 。
安装在绞盘上的标准的杠杆操作和可选的螺旋式切断和成型滑轨，前后刀架之间的最大距离为4.25英寸，切割工具最大可达3/8“的平方。杠杆操作的复合滑块 - 适合第二操作版本的车床 - 能够在中心的每一侧摆动45°，顶部和横向滑块具有相同的4英寸行程，而不需要扳手和螺丝刀进行调整，行程停止可以手动设置，每一个都在其端部提供了一个滚花盘。
一个有用的附件，用于短但大直径screwcutti

小编薇薇

【三】
Accuro Watchmakers' Lathe

Little known and seldom encountered, the background to Accuro 6 mm watchmakers' lathe is unknown - though it may be of British manufacture. With the maker's name cast into the front face of the headstock this would not have been a re-branded, re-badged or badge-engineered product, but instead almost certainly of indigenous manufacture.
Of the typically light Geneva-pattern (this design being preferred by some experts for delicate or intricate work) the Accuro had the flat on its otherwise round bed to the usual position at the rear and a headstock with what may have been bronze instead of the usual hardened-steel bearings. A 3-step pulley headstock to take drive by a round rope was provided, though oddly the front face of the largest diameter lacked the almost universally provided ring of 60 division holes.
Whether the Accuro was available with range of extras common to most other makers - such as a compound slide-rest assembly, a second tailstock with lever feed, single and double roller rests, fixed steady, saw table, Jacot Drum, pivoting and lapping attachments and various types of collet, etc. - is not known.



鲜为人知并且很少遇到，Accuro 6毫米制表工车床的背景是未知的 - 尽管它可能是英国制造的。把制造商的名字投射到主轴箱的正面，这不会是一个重新标记，重新标记或徽章设计的产品，而是几乎可以肯定是本土制造。
典型的轻型日内瓦图案（这种设计被一些专家优先考虑，用于精细或复杂的工作），Accuro在其圆形的床上具有到通常位置的平坦的后部以及具有可以是青铜而不是通常的硬化钢轴承。提供了由圆形绳索驱动的三级滑轮头架，尽管奇怪的是最大直径的正面缺少几乎普遍设置的60个分割孔的环。
Accuro是否适用于大多数其他制造商所共有的附加件范围 - 例如复合滑动架总成，带杠杆进给的第二个尾架，单和双滚轮架，固定稳定，锯台，Jacot鼓，旋转和搭接附件和各种类型的夹头等 - 是未知的。

小编薇薇

【四】
ACE Lathes


A detailed manual is available for the "Ace" 9-inch lathe


ACE Lathes Continued

Although the history of the Ace Company is not known - they appear to have been shy of advertising - the branding was used on lathes from the 1920s until the 1940s and possibly later. A number of different sizes were offered, some looking to be German in origin and nearly all having some easily-changed part like a cast-iron door changed to accommodate the "Ace" logo (examples are shown lower down the page). However, one Ace model machine is instantly recognisable, a straightforward copy of the well-known American 9-inch South Bend - in this case to "Model A" specification with a screwcutting gearbox, power sliding and surfacing feeds and as made from the late 1930s. Marked as "British Made", it retained the main dimensions of the original but with a slight increase in centre height (achieved by thickening the depth of the cross slide) and with the capacity between centres set at around 24 inches. The main mechanical parts of the lathe, bed, headstock, the complete carriage assembly and tailstock - appear to have been faithful reproductions of the South Bend. However, as was often the case with similar 9-inch clones, a number of modifications and improvements were incorporated to address some of the original's shortcomings: the bed feet were made longer, the cross and top-slide micrometer dials increased in diameter (a most useful modification) the all-important countershaft bolted to the back of the bed to make a complete, self-contained unit. The tailstock was given a permanently-mounted lever to lock it to the bed, a much longer arm to lock the barrel - and with the latter carrying both inch and metric ruler graduations. The original South bend had its leadscrew end float taken out at just the gearbox end but the Ace provided screwed adjuster rings at each end - probably allowing the leadscrew to be set in tension. Unlike most South Bend bench lathes produced before the late 1940s, the Ace enjoyed complete, factory-installed belt guarding - something that took the American company many years to provide on other than versions intended for training use.
Oddly, the changewheel cover resembled - somewhat - the much narrower unit used on very early versions of the 9-inch, as made from late 1933 as the Model 5.
If you have an Ace lathe of any type, or advertisements featuring the machines, the writer would be very interested to hear from you..


ACE车床


“Ace”9英寸车床有详细的手册


尽管Ace公司的历史并不为人所知，但他们似乎对广告十分害羞，品牌在二十世纪二十年代到二十世纪四十年代乃至后来被广泛应用。提供了许多不同的尺寸，一些看起来是德国人，几乎都有一些像铸铁门一样容易改变的部分，以适应“Ace”标志（示例显示在页面下方）。然而，一台Ace机型即刻可识别，这是美国着名的9英寸南湾（South Bend）的直接拷贝 - 在这种情况下，以“A型”规格，带有螺旋切割齿轮箱，动力滑动和堆焊饲料，以及由晚20世纪30年代。标记为“英国制造”，它保留了原来的主要尺寸，但中心高度略有增加（通过加厚十字滑道的深度来实现），中心之间的容量设置在24英寸左右。车床的主要机械部件，床身，床头柜，整车组装和尾座 - 似乎是忠实的南湾弯曲的复制品。然而，对于类似的9英寸克隆来说，情况经常是这样，为了解决一些原始缺陷，加入了许多修改和改进：床脚变长了，十字和顶滑千分表的直径增加了（a最有用的修改）最重要的副轴用螺栓固定在床的后面，形成一个完整的，独立的单元。尾座上装有一个永久安装的杠杆，将其锁定在床上，这是一个用来锁定枪管的更长的臂，后者携带英制和公制的直尺刻度。最初的南方弯头在齿轮箱端部取出丝杠端部的浮子，但是Ace在每端都提供了螺纹调节环 - 可能允许丝杠被拉紧。与上世纪40年代末以前生产的大多数South Bend台式车床不同，Ace享有完整的工厂安装的皮带防护装置 - 这是美国公司多年来提供用于训练用途的其他版本的产品。
奇怪的是，转轮盖有点类似于9英寸的早期版本所使用的窄得多的单元，从1933年底作为5型而制成。
如果你有任何类型的车床，或者机器的广告，作者会非常感兴趣的收到你的来信。

小编薇薇

【五】
Ace Minor Advertisements

A Data Pack of: Handbook, Assembly Instructions
& other literature is available for these and similar lathes

badged as Flexispeed, Norfolk and Simat, etc.
  


First in a long line of variations on a common theme, the 'Ace Minor' by Perris was supposedly the product of a marketing company, Urquhart Machine Tools Ltd. of Clerkenwell, under whose label it received a glowing review in the January 1965 Model Engineer. However, the same machine was sold as the Centrix 'Micro', ostensibly the product of the 'Centrix Works' of Centrix Precision Products Ltd., Shoreham-by-the-Sea, Sussex (which co-incidentally, was where Brian Perris started his own engineering firm in the early 1960)s.  Despite the distributors' assertions that rebranded Perris lathes were their own products, Perris Engineering built them all, initially at Shoreham and then at 4 and 5 Meadow Rd. Industrial Estate, Worthing, Sussex. With a 0.5" x 16 t.p.i. BSF mandrel nose and two 0-MT taper sockets, the three PL90 variants were badged as the 'Ace Minor' and 'Centrix Micro': (a) plain-turning, (b) back-geared but without a powered leadscrew, and (c) 'horological.'  The latter was wishful thinking for its distinction was a collet-holding spindle with unfortunate and significant design limitations.  The two PL90 variants sold under the Perris name were called the 'PL90 Standard' and the 'PL90 Special', collectively known as the 'Perris Model Maker's Lathe', and characterised by a finer (0.5" x 20 t.p.i. UNF) spindle thread - the re-badged versions having the same two No. 0 Morse taper sockets but a 0.5" x 16 t.p.i. BSF nose.  



Ace手册，组装说明
＆其他文献可用于这些和类似的车床

如Flexispeed，Norfolk和Simat等。
  


首先，在一个共同的主题变化的长长的一系列变化，由Perris的“王牌未成年人”据说是一个营销公司，克勒肯韦尔Urquhart机床有限公司的产品，其标签在1965年1月模型工程师收到了辉煌的评论。然而，同样的机器是作为Centrix'Micro'出售的，表面上是Centrix Precision Products Ltd.，Shoreham-by-the-Sea，Sussex的'Centrix Works'的产品（同样是Brian Perris开始的地方他自己的工程公司在1960年初）。尽管经销商声称重新生产的Perris车床是他们自己的产品，但Perris工程公司最初建立在Shoreham，然后在Meadow路4号和5号。工业区，沃辛，苏塞克斯。 （0.5英寸x16 tpi BSF芯轴和两个0-MT锥形套筒，三个PL90型号被标为“Ace Minor”和“Centrix Micro”：（a）平面车削，（b） （c）“钟表”。后者是一厢情愿的想法，它的区别是一个夹头夹持纺锤，具有不幸和显着的设计限制。以Perris名称出售的两个PL90变体被称为“PL90标准”和“PL90特殊”，统称为“Perris模型制造商的车床“，并具有更细（0.5”x 20 tpi UNF）主轴螺纹 - 重新标记的版本具有相同的两个0号莫氏锥形套筒，但0.5“x 16 tpi BSF鼻子。

小编薇薇

【六】
Halifax 524, Acorntools & Sphere
English 10-Inch Atlas Copies



Marketed by the UK Atlas Agents the "Acorn Machine Tool Company 1936 Ltd." of 610 - 614 Chiswick High Road, London W.4, the British Halifax Model "524" 5-inch centre height by 24 inches between-centres lathe of the late 1940s and early 1950s was very recognisably based on the American Atlas "10-inch". Sold originally with a Halifax badge it was renamed, probably in 1951, as the "Acorntools" to match the name already given by the company to their capstan version of the Atlas 10-inch. Like the similar "Sphere" model it was, in both Halifax and Acorntools guises, essentially identical to the original American machine and, allowing for the 1450 rpm English motor rather than the 1725 rpm American one, had the same speed range; both the countershaft unit and the headstock were of the Atlas 10F "vertical" type but with the changewheel and headstock-belt covers manufactured in engineering plastic. A bold feature was the early use of the same plastic for the headstock and countershaft pulleys; this appears to have been an entirely successful idea for the author remembers examining, some years ago, a completely worm out Halifax where the pulleys were still in perfectly serviceable condition - although had a heavy object dropped on them no doubt they would have been less far less able to shrug it off than ones in cast-iron, aluminium or ZAMAK.
Details of where and how the Halifax/Acorntools was constructed are lost in time but there is one small clue in a 1956 letter from Acorn to a Midlands distributor where they refer to an Atlas parts lists as containing: "….all spares which go into the manufacture of a Halifax Lathe". This statement would appear to lend some strength to the proposition that Halifax (and possibly Sphere) lathes were built from a mixture of UK-sourced parts and genuine Atlas spares; however, whether these parts were from existing stocks or specially imported is unknown. A further puzzle is the reason for commissioning specially-made plastic changewheel guards and countershaft and headstock pulleys when metal originals would have been available cheaply from the USA. There was also a  price difference between the Halifax and Atlas machines: for an equal specification with 24-inch between-centres capacity (and including a motor), in 1949 the Atlas was £84 : 10s : 0d and the Halifax £74 :10s : 0d. - a useful saving of some 12%. Some, if not all Halifax, Acorntool and Sphere lathes were fitted with a broader and longer cross slide that ran on wider ways, a feature that partially addressed one of the main weakness of the original Atlas design. With so many alterations and specially-constructed parts the writer now leans towards the idea that these lathes were indeed constructed in the UK - though with some of the otherwise expensive-to-produce ZAMAK components imported. As a point of interest, on the broader slide the wider section of the dovetail was 2.96" across (Atlas about  2.15") and the narrower 2.66" (Atlas 1.83"). The full width of the wider cross-slide casting was 4.21" with the result that the circular boss carrying the top-slide swivel degree marks was set completely inside the edges, instead of reaching or even overlapping them as on the original design.
Acorn offered a complete range of Atlas, Halifax and Sphere parts and some of the 1955-prices make interesting reading (average weekly earning during 1955 were just short of £11 per week): a bare headstock casting was £7 : 10 : 0d with a spindle, amazingly, at exactly the same price; Timken bearings were £2. : 15 : 0d each and, while the very large "bull" gear on the spindle was £2 : 10 : 0d the smaller bronze gear was £3 : 12 : 6d.  For £23 : 5 :  9d. Acorn offered the owners of plain "babbit" bearing Atlas lathes a Timken taper roller bearing conversion kit; this included a new headstock casting, spindle, bearings (and assorted small parts) with the remainder of the items coming from the existing assembly. They also offered a new, fully-machined headstock casting fitted with bronze-bearing for those whose babbit bearings were worn out.
Another British-market version of the Atlas, the "Sphere", can be seen here.  and full details of the original Atlas 10-inch lathes here. The standard handbook for the 10-inch Atlas covers these lathes in every detail.
If any reader can supply high-quality pictures of an original Halifax lathe, or has any sales literature, the author would be very interested to hear from them.

Sphere Lathe
A direct mechanical copy of the American Atlas 10-inch lathe the Sphere, like the other English "Halifax" and "Acorntools" clones, had several interesting changes to the specification and materials used in its construction. It is entirely possible that the whole machine was made in Britain, but also feasible for larger parts such as the bed and headstocks to have been imported - for example, the "Sphere" logo and description "British Made" was cast into the headstock foot, an easily-changed component. However, as the range of changes and modifications were so numerous this would indeed appear to have been a UK product: the cross slide was wider and, on some of the changewheel-equipped models, the casing of the leadscrew reversing gearbox was made in a hard black engineering plastic, a material also used for the changewheel case, the headstock belt covers, the double-step pulley on the countershaft, the two matching 4-step pulleys on countershaft and headstock and, on some lathes, the carriage-traverse handwheel. While some Sphere lathes may have been supplied with plain bearings (the Acorntools version certainly was) more than one example has been found with shouldered Timken taper rollers--but instead of being pressed into the headstock housing they were secured using the twin-bolt caps from the plain-bearing model. A gearbox-equipped version was also offered, though this, like the Atlas equivalent, is far less common The standard handbook for the Atlas 10-inch lathes covers the Sphere, Halifax and Acorntools models in every detail..



Catalogue picture of a Halifax 254. Note the single bolt securing the tailstock end of the bed; on the original Atlas machine two bolts were used, one at the front and one at the back
  


Although it is apparent in this publicity picture that the pulleys are made from plastic the finish of the inner and outer changewheel guards hides the fact that these too are made from the same material.

  

The "Halifax" bade was a riveted-on plate - the Sphere logo was cast into the bolt-on bed foot
  

On this version of the Halifax the Timken taper-roller bearings are held in place by bolt-on caps
  

Like the Halifax, the Sphere had an appreciably broader cross slide than the Atlas version with the wider section of the dovetail being 2.96" across (Atlas about  2.15") and the narrower 2.66" (Atlas 1.83"). The full width of the Halifax/Sphere cross-slide casting was 4.21"


On some versions of the changewheel-equipped Sphere even the casing of the leadscrew reversing gearbox was made in a hard black plastic, a material also used for the gear-case and headstock covers as well as the double-step pulley on the countershaft and the two matching 4-step pulleys on countershaft and headstock. The "Sphere" logo was cast into the headstock foot - an easily-changed component.


Not all Sphere lathes had the leadscrew reversing gearbox casing in plastic, the one on this model is in metal, yet still different to the original Atlas design.

An engineering-grade plastic was used for the changewheel and headstock covers as well as the double-step pulley on the countershaft and the two matching 4-step pulleys on countershaft and headstock.

The inner plastic changewheel guard cover was well ribbed on the inside and fastened to the end face of the headstock by three screws. The countershaft was an integral unit, bolted to the back of both bed and headstock.

Roller-bearing headstock parts. Note the plastic pulley
  
A gearbox-equipped version of the Sphere was also available


A well-used Sphere of which the owner makes some useful comments - especially regarding the need to level the machine accurately:  I found your request for owners of Sphere lathes to contact you on your website.
I have owned this one for about 20 years. As you can see it is not quite standard as the screw thread counter has gone as had the original tumbler lead screw reversing gearbox. This had been replaced by a home made one that operates directly on the output from the headstock. That works well but it does compromise the selection change gears that can be easily fitted. The tool post does not look original. It came with the legs for the base but no coolant tray; so I made one out of a stainless steel sidepiece to a urinal (unused). The three lathe mounting feet were not accurately in the same plane; so the bed was twisted when the bolts were tightened. I cured this by careful shimming under the feet. The bed/ legs assembly had insufficient longitudinal stiffness. I cured this by triangulating it. Please see the two inch diameter bar running top left to bottom right. The switch gear is all my own work.
Sorry about the cluttered background. The photo does not flatter the lathe - it looks rather better than that. It still does most of which I want but a milling capability would have been nice. However, one fault is that it doesn't really like parting off.

哈利法克斯524，Acorntools＆球体
英文10英寸阿特拉斯副本



由英国Atlas代理商销售的“橡果机床公司1936有限公司”英国哈利法克斯公司型号为“524”的英国哈利法克斯公司（Chiswick High Road，London W.4）的610-414英寸哈利法克斯型号为“524”，5英寸中心高度为24英寸，中心车床为20世纪40年代末至50年代初期，英寸”。最初出售哈利法克斯徽章，可能在1951年更名为“Acorntools”，以匹配公司已经给予他们的绞盘版本的阿特拉斯10英寸的名称。就像同样的“Sphere”模型一样，哈利法克斯和Acorntools的外形与原来的美国机器基本相同，并且允许1450rpm的英制马达而不是1725rpm的美国马达具有相同的速度范围;中间轴单元和主轴箱都是阿特拉斯10F“垂直”型，但带有工程塑料制造的转轮和主轴皮带盖。一个大胆的特点是早期使用相同的塑料的主轴箱和副轴皮带轮;这似乎是一个完全成功的想法，作者记得在几年前，一个完全蠕虫哈利法克斯滑轮仍然处于完全可用的状态 - 虽然有一个沉重的东西放在他们毫无疑问，他们会少得多不如用铸铁，铝或者ZAMAK那样的耸肩。
关于哈利法克斯/阿康托尔斯在哪里以及如何建造的细节已经失去了时间，但是在1956年的一封信中，从橡果到中部地区的经销商有一个小小的线索，他们把阿特拉斯的零件清单称为：“...所有的零件制造哈利法克斯车床“。这个说法似乎给了哈利法克斯（也可能是球形）车床由英国零部件和真正的阿特拉斯零部件的混合物建造的一些力量。然而，这些零件是来自现有的库存还是特别进口的是未知的。当金属原件从美国便宜地获得时，另一个难题是调试特制的塑料转轮护罩和中间轴和主轴皮带轮的原因。哈利法克斯和阿特拉斯机器之间也有价格差异：对于具有24英寸的中心容量（包括电动机）的相同规格，在1949年，阿特拉斯为84:10秒：0d，而哈利法克斯为74:10秒：0d。 - 有用的节省了12％。有些甚至不是所有的哈利法克斯，Acorntool和Sphere车床都配备了更宽更长的十字滑道，这种滑道的运行方式更为宽泛，这部分功能部分解决了原始阿特拉斯设计的一个主要弱点。有了这么多的改造和特殊构造的部件，作者现在倾向于认为这些车床确实是在英国建造的 - 尽管有一些本来昂贵的生产ZAMAK组件进口。作为一个兴趣点，在更宽的幻灯片上，燕尾的较宽部分是2.96英寸（阿特拉斯2.15英寸）和2.66英寸（阿特拉斯1.83英寸）。较宽的横向滑动铸件的全宽为4.21“，结果带有顶部滑动转动标记的圆形凸台被完全设置在边缘内部，而不是像原始设计那样达到甚至重叠。
橡果提供了一个完整的阿特拉斯，哈利法克斯和球体的部分范围和一些1955年的价格有趣的阅读（平均每周收入在1955年只是短短£11每周）：一个裸头架铸造是英镑7：10：0与令人惊讶的是，主轴的价格完全相同。铁姆肯公司的轴承是2英镑。 ：15：0d，而主轴上非常大的“斗牛”齿轮是2：10：0d，较小的青铜齿轮则是3：12：6d。对于23：5：9d。橡果提供了简单的“babbit”轴承阿特拉斯车床的所有者一个铁姆肯公司的圆锥滚子轴承转换套件;这包括一个新的主轴箱铸件，主轴，轴承（和各种小零件），其余部件来自现有组件。他们还提供了一个新的，完全机加工的主轴箱铸造配有青铜轴承babbit轴承磨损的人。
在这里可以看到另一个英国市场版本的地图集“球体”。并在这里的原始阿特拉斯10英寸车床的全部细节。 10英寸Atlas标准手册涵盖了每一个细节的车床。
如果有读者可以提供原始哈利法克斯车床的高质量图片，或者有任何销售文献，作者会非常有兴趣听到他们的消息。

球面车床
美国阿特拉斯10英寸车床的直接机械拷贝与其他英语“Halifax”和“Acorntools”克隆一样，对其结构中使用的规格和材料进行了一些有趣的改变。整个机器完全可能在英国制造，而且对于大型部件如床和主轴箱也是可行的 - 例如，“球体”标志和“英国制造”

小编薇薇

【七】
Acme Power Equipment Lathe


Very rare - the writer knows of only one example - the plain-turning American Acme Power Equipment lathe was probably intended as a simple machine for use in garages and repair workshops. With a centre height of around 4.5 inches and admitting something like 24 inches between centres, while it lacked backgear-driven low speeds it appears to have been sold complete with a neat, built-on countershaft consisting of a tall tube carrying, at the top, a cross shaft with a V-belt drive pulley overhung on one side to connect to the motor and, on the other, a 3-step flat-belt pulley to drive the lathe spindle. As flat belts work best when well spaced apart, this particular arrangement, though looking ungainly, is likely to have been effective in use.
With its flat top and V-edged ways the bed resembled those most often seen on small English lathes with a simple carriage carrying an apron-mounted "full nut" that could not be disengaged from the leadscrew; the result was that, without a quick-action rack-and-pinion drive, every movement up and down the bed required a furious twirling of the (un-graduated) tailstock-end handwheel. Unfortunately, instead of a proper compounded slide rest, or a single swivelling tool slide, only a single non-swivelling type was fitted -  this arrangement severely limiting the lathe's versatility.
Most unusually, instead of changewheels taking a drive from headstock spindle to leadscrew, the "Power Equipment" employed a vertical shaft with worm-and-wheel gearing at each end - an exposed view of what this looked like can be seen here on the British Flexispeed lathe. Although the gear-holding tube appears to have been fixed permanently in position -and hence the gears constantly in mesh - to disengage the drive a handwheel was fitted to the left-hand end of the leadscrew, this operating either cone-friction clutch, or possibly a positive-action dog clutch of some sort.
The tailstock could be set over for the turning of slight tapers and appears to have been fitted with a No. 2 Morse taper spindle.
If you have a Acme Power Equipment lathe (or other machine tool by the Company, the writer would be interested to hear from you.



cme电力设备车床


非常罕见 - 作者只知道一个例子 - 美国阿克米动力设备车床可能是作为一个简单的机器用于车库和维修车间。中心高度约为4.5英寸，中心之间允许有24英寸的高度，而它缺少背部驱动的低速，似乎已经完成了一个整洁的内置副轴，由一根高管组成， ，一侧带V形皮带传动皮带轮的横轴与电机相连，另一侧则带有一个三段平皮带轮，用以驱动车床主轴。由于扁平带在间隔很好的情况下工作得最好，这种特殊的安排虽然看起来很笨拙，但很可能在使用上有效。
它的平顶和V边的方式类似于那些在小型英制车床上最常见的那种，带有一个简单的滑架，该滑架带有一个不能从导螺杆上脱离的安装在挡板上的“全螺母”结果是，如果没有快速的齿轮齿条传动装置，在床上上下的每一个动作都需要（未分级的）尾座手轮发生剧烈的旋转。遗憾的是，除了合适的复合滑块或单个旋转工具滑块之外，只安装了一个非旋转类型 - 这种安排严重限制了车床的多功能性。
最不同寻常的是，“动力设备”采用的是一个带有蜗轮传动装置的垂直轴，而不是从车头主轴到导向螺杆的变速轮，而在这里可以看到英国人看到的样子Flexispeed车床。尽管齿轮保持管似乎已经永久固定在位置上（因此齿轮始终啮合），为了使驱动器脱开，手轮安装在丝杠的左端，这个操作是锥形摩擦离合器或可能是一种积极行动的爪式离合器。
尾座可以设定为轻微锥度的转动，似乎已经安装了2号莫氏锥度主轴。
如果您拥有Acme Power Equipment车床（或本公司的其他机床，作者将有兴趣听取您的意见。

小编薇薇

【八】

E. A. Adams Lathe - USA



Providence, Rhode Island, was home to many makers of machine tools including at least four (and possibly five) lathe-manufacturing companies: E.A.Eddy, E.A.Adams, Adams Bros, the Diamond Machine Co. and E.B. Bosworth. Unfortunately, apart from Diamond,  little is known about the background to any of them , the historical record being, for the moment, blank. While the simple, plain-turning Adams Bros. Lathe would have been made around 1870 to 1880 and intended just for woodwork, the E.A. Adams machine was of very unusual design and of a somewhat later date, probably from the two decades spanning the 19th and 20th centuries. .
Of 4-inch centre height and 10-inches between centres, the plain-turning (non-screwcutting) E.A.Adams also lacked backgear but had its unusually wide, flat-topped V-edged bed formed from a good-sized box-section casting. However, in a reversal of usual practice this was cantilevered out to the left instead of to the right - an arrangement that would have offered the headstock somewhat reduced support. In fact, so odd is this construction that the writer believes the lathe may have been modified to accommodate the leadscrew - for some reason this needing a reversal of headstock and tailstock on the bed. Lending support to this idea is that an almost identical lathe, the E.B. Bosworth,  is arranged conventionally (the headstocks look to be interchangeable). If the arrangement is original then the slender tailstock, with its spindle clamp a crude, direct-acting screw, was better provided for and, when extended to allow the lathe's maximum capacity to be used, was only a little to the right of the main mass of the bed. The headstock, whose bronze bearings were threaded on their ends and, for adjustment, drawn down into their tapered seats by large ring nuts, continued the theme of "flexibility in construction" with the left-hand bearing held on the end of a slender arm and the right on top of a short, un-braced vertical post.  On the lathe illustrated, the headstock pulley looks to have been change for one in Zamak, as originally fitted, for example, to the 10-inch Atlas. The pulley may well have been, originally, identical to that used on other versions of the lathe perhaps with the same two wide steps and intended for industrial use - this arrangement being common on lighter and bench precision lathes of the time (a similar 2-step arrangement being used on the headstocks of the W.H.Nichols and (three-bearing) Ames). Threaded on their ends for adjustment and drawn down into their tapered seats by large ring nuts, both headstock bearings were mounted in a light casting with that on the left held on the end of a slender arm cantilevered out to the left and that on the right on top of a short, un-braced vertical post
Although the makers were good enough to specify a compound slide rest this was, unaccountably,  carried on top of a vertical slide running in ways formed on the front face of the apron. Although this arrangement meant that the tool height could be quickly and accurately adjusted (by a very small-diameter handwheel) it brought in its train both expense in its manufacture together with even less rigidity between the cutting tool and workpiece.
Bereft of micrometer dials, the compound slide rest feed-screws gave very limited travel while their end-of-slide supports were simple flat plates - and not the type of extended  housing that would have allowed the slide extra travel by being allowed to pass over its ways.
Two other lathes of virtually identical appearance and from the same area were the Bosworth, Warren, RI, this too having a flat-topped, V-edged bed and an elevating slide rest (though with just a lever-feed cross slide driven by toggle levers) and the E.A.Eddy, Providence RI, again with just a cross slide but this time moved by rack-and-pinion gearing. It appears incontrovertible that all must be by the same makers and badged, as required, by the customer for sale into the trade.
"tom_boctou" on the Practical Machinery Antique forum has managed to discover that Bosworth has been a well-known name in Warren, RI business circles for a considerable length of time and that both E. A. Eddy and E. A. Adams were in the machinery and jewellery business, both as manufacturers and as resellers, with E. A. Adams & Sons surviving until as late as 1982. A web search revealed a number of obituaries and resumes of ex-employees, so the likelihood is that this was a considerable business; in the Providence Jewelers Circular, of 4 Aug 1920, it  says: The EA Eddy Machinery Co has purchased the manufacturing jewelry plant of the HA Kirby Co 85 Sprague St and will sell the tools machinery etc in lots to suit purchasers: and The offices of the EA Eddy Machinery Co have been removed upstairs in their building corner of Clifford and Eddy Sts thus giving additional space for the display of jewelers and general machinery on the lower floor.
Should any reader be lucky enough to own an E.A.Adams lathe, (or an E.A.Eddy, Bosworth or Diamond)  the writer would be interested to hear from you..


Almost a mirror-image lathe of convention where, instead of the tailstock being cantilevered out to the right, the headstock was pushed out to the left into a position with little support.
  

No micrometer dials and the feed-screw end plates simple flat housings that abutted against the end of the ways to limit slide travel. The 4-step headstock pulley looks to have come from an Atlas 10-inch


The compound slide was carried on top of a vertical slide running in ways formed on the front face of the apron. A long lever was used to lock the slide once the tool height had been set.


E.B. Bosworth version of the lathe
  

The E.A.Eddy, Providence RI version

E. A. Adams车床 - 美国



罗德岛州普罗维登斯（Providence）是许多机床制造商的所在地，包括至少四家（也可能是五家）车床制造公司：E.A.Eddy，E.A.Adams，Adams Bros，Diamond Machine Co.和E.B.博斯沃思。不幸的是，除了钻石之外，他们中的任何一个人的背景知之甚少，现在的历史记录是空白的。虽然简单的，简单的车削亚当斯兄弟车床大约在1870年至1880年制造，只为木制品，E.A.亚当斯机器是非常不寻常的设计，并且可能在19和20世纪的二十年之后。 。
4英寸的中心高度和10英寸的中心之间，简单车削（非螺纹切割）的EAAdams也缺乏后盖，但有一个非常宽的，平顶的V边床，由一个大尺寸的箱形铸件。但是，通常情况下，这种做法是颠倒过来的，而不是在右边 - 这样的安排可以减少对头部的支持。事实上，这样的结构是非常奇怪的，作者认为车床可能已经被修改以适应导螺杆 - 出于某种原因，这需要在床上反转床头和尾架。借此支持这个想法是几乎相同的车床，大肠杆菌。 Bosworth，按惯例安排（主轴箱看起来是可以互换的）。如果安排是原始的，那么细长的尾座，其主轴夹具是一个粗糙的，直接作用的螺钉，更好地提供，并且当延伸到允许车床的最大容量被使用时，仅在主体的右侧床的质量。这个头架的青铜轴承的端部带有螺纹，为了进行调整，通过大的环形螺母将其拉入锥形座椅，继续了“构造的灵活性”的主题，左手轴承保持在细长臂的末端并在一个短的，不支撑的垂直职位顶部的权利。在图中所示的车床上，Zamak的头部滑轮看起来已经改变了，例如原来安装在10英寸的Atlas上。滑轮原本可能与其他车床上使用的滑轮相同，可能具有相同的两个宽的台阶，并且用于工业用途 - 这种结构在当时较轻的台式精密车床上是相同的（类似的2-用于WHNichols和（三轴）Ames的主轴箱上。两端的螺纹头用于调整，并通过大环形螺母向下拉入其锥形座中，两种头座轴承均安装在轻型铸件上，左侧悬挂在左侧，右侧悬挂在右侧在一个短的，不支撑的垂直职位顶部
虽然制造商们已经足够好了，但是却可以指定一个复合滑动休息站，这个滑动休息站是在一个垂直滑动的顶部上进行的，这个垂直滑动的滑动方式是在停机坪的前面形成的。虽然这种设计意味着刀具高度可以快速和准确地调整（通过一个非常小的直径的手轮），但是在生产过程中带来了成本，同时刀具和工件之间的刚性也更小。
除了千分表以外，复合滑动进给螺杆的行程非常有限，而滑动端的支撑是简单的平板 - 而不是延长的外壳的类型，其允许滑块额外移动其方式。
另外两台外形完全相同，面积相同的车床是Bosworth，Warren，RI，它也有一个平顶的V型床和一个升降滑座（尽管只有一个由杠杆驱动的杠杆进给十字滑座杆）和普罗维登斯的EAEddy再次只有一个十字滑道，但这次通过齿轮齿条传动。似乎无可置疑的是，所有必须由相同的制造商，并根据要求，由客户出售进行交易的徽章。
“实用机械古董”论坛的“tom_boctou”已经发现，博斯沃思已经在沃伦，罗德岛的商界有了相当长的时间，而EA Eddy和EA Adams都在机械和珠宝行业， EA Adams＆Sons一直活到1982年。网络搜索显示了一些前雇员的讣告和简历，所以这可能是一件相当可观的事情。在1920年8月4日的“普罗维登斯珠宝通告”中，EA Eddy机械公司已经购买了HA Kirby Co 85 Sprague St的制造首饰厂，并将出售工具机械等以满足购买者的需求。 EA Eddy机械公司在Clifford和Eddy Sts的建筑物角落已经被移除，从而为下层的珠宝商和一般机械展示提供了额外的空间。
任何读者都应该是幸运的

小编薇薇

【九】

Adams Bros. Lathe - USA

Providence, Rhode Island, was home to many makers of machine tools including at least four (and possibly five) lathe-manufacturing companies: E.A.Eddy, E.A.Adams, Adams Bros, the Diamond Machine Co. and E.B. Bosworth; unfortunately, apart from Diamond,  little is known about the background to any of them , the historical record being, for the moment, blank.
While the novel and individualistic E.A.Adams would have been made in the two decades spanning the 19th and 20th centuries, the very simple, plain-turning Adams Bros. dates from around 1870 to 1880 - and, although intended just for wood turning, the maker's did offer a compound slide rest to enable basic metal jobs to be tackled.. However, although a simple machine, it was well made, the bed having flat and V-ways (a more expensive undertaking than the usual flat type used for this class of lathe) and with both the hand T-rest and tailstock fitted with robust, quick-release-and-tighten tighten lever-operated clamps. When slackened, the hand T-rest could both be slid along the bed and swivelled, its loose upper section being fastened to the lower by a bolt sliding in a T-slot - a common arrangement now for well over 120 years.
Fitted with a 3-step cone pulley to take an unusually wide flat belt, the headstock spindle ran in plain bearings - the fit and finish of the components looking to be of a high standard. It's highly likely that the makers would have offered a compound slide rest for light-duty metal turning. The style of bed, together with the provision on the tailstock of a socket to take a dipper rod to apply a white lead lubricant onto its centre, offer clues that the maker might have offered other, better-specified models possibly incorporating backgear and screwcutting.
Should any reader have an Adams Brothers lathe the writer would be interested to hear from you.
With thanks to George Langford in the U.S.A. who supplied the photographs

亚当斯兄弟车床 - 美国

罗德岛州普罗维登斯（Providence）是许多机床制造商的所在地，包括至少四家（也可能是五家）车床制造公司：E.A.Eddy，E.A.Adams，Adams Bros，Diamond Machine Co.和E.B.博斯沃思;不幸的是，除了戴蒙德之外，对他们中的任何一个人的背景知之甚少，现在的历史记录是空白的。
虽然这个小说和个人主义的EAAdams可能是在十九世纪和二十世纪的二十年中创造出来的，但是十九世纪七八十年代至八八八年间，这个非常简单的，简单转换的亚当斯兄弟会，虽然只是为了木材车削，确实提供了一个复合滑动休息，使基本的金属工作，以解决..但是，虽然是一个简单的机器，它制作得很好，床上有平面和V型的方式（比这种类型的平常类型更昂贵的车床），并且用手T型座和尾座装配牢固，快速松开并拧紧的杠杆式夹紧装置。当松弛时，手T-rest可以沿着床滑动并旋转，其松散的上部通过在T形槽中滑动的螺栓紧固到下部 - 现在是120年以上的常见布置。
配备三段式锥形滑轮以获得异常宽的平皮带，主轴箱主轴采用滑动轴承 - 组件的贴合和精加工看起来是高标准的。制造商很可能会为轻型金属车削提供复合滑轨。床的样式，连同在一个插座的尾座上提供一个用于在其中心涂上白色铅润滑剂的铲斗杆提供了线索，该制造商可能已经提供了其他更好的指定模型，可能包括背带和螺纹切割。
如果读者有一个Adams Brothers车床，作者将有兴趣收到你的消息。
感谢美国的George Langford提供照片

小编薇薇

【十】

Adams (George)

George Adams of London

Precision Clock & Instrument Makers' Lathes


Based in High Holborn, London, England George Adams (sometimes calling themselves "The Pittler Company") were machine-tool dealers, manufacturers and assemblers who also commissioned various makers, in the UK and Europe, to make machine on their behalf - with some being copies, not originals, of existing designs by Lorch, G.Boley, Wolf Jahn and Portass. The company sold a very wide variety of lathes (and associated tooling) and were best known for their small machines aimed at watch, clock and instrument makers. However, Adams had strong connections with Germany and was, for many years, the UK representative for the Pittler Company and also sold larger lathes almost certainly manufactured by Oscar Ehrlich - a well known and long-established lathe maker with premises in Chemnitz. One highly unusual George Adams lathe was a round-bed model, first offered in 1902 after he had parted company with Pittler. Based on Pittler lines the lathe incorporated some of that maker's features and examples are known to survive (should any reader have one, the writer would be interested to know). George Adams died in 1935, with a "closing-down" sale held during the early 1930s and the remains of the enterprise incorporated into Tyzack & Son - well known in the 1930s for their extensive mail-order tool and machinery catalogues.
A close examination of Adam's products shows that the quality was highly variable: some machines were entirely acceptable, others less so, while elements of the various designs were often, to be kind, rather unusual.
Shown immediately below is a typical larger George Adams lathe, a 4.75" x 20" pedestal mounted machine looking very much like an early Ehrlich (a well-known German exporter of machine tools to the retail trade) that shows, in the context of its era, evidence of thoughtful design and attention to detail. Also found in Europe and Australia (where is was badged as the Aster), it had a heavy, cast-iron pedestal that doubled as the support for very heavy flywheel and treadle assembly - the latter having a most unusual arrangement of crank rods to transmit the drive from foot bar to flywheel shaft. As on many lathes of that era, the pedestal also provided a handy storage compartment for the screwcutting changewheels, these being held, individually, in narrow wooden shelves.
Because the bed was of cantilever form, it should have been free from distortion when clamped to its base support. The lathe was fitted with a 16" capacity gap, a 0.9" hole through the headstock spindle, tumble reverse, backgear, split clasp nuts on the apron, a set-over tailstock with a proper barrel clamp (rather than the "split" casting then so common) -  and, one final clue to the lathe's quality, an oil reservoir and dipper rod fitted to the tailstock - so there was no excuse for not lubricating (usually with poisonous white lead, not oil) the "back centre" as it was then known. The artist (or engraver) of the picture seems to have limited the top slide to a rather meagre length of travel, in reality it was rather longer than illustrated.
Should you have a George Adams lathe or other machine tool of any description, the writer would be interested to hear from you..

George Adams lathe, a 4.75" x 20" pedestal mounted machine probably by Ehrlich and also found in Europe and Australia - in the latter country being badged as the Aster

A rare survivor - and still with its original plinth-mounted treadle drive

George Adams TE6 2.25" x 8" precision lathe - a heavy-duty watch and clockmaker's lathe based on the American WW type. Typical of the many different small precision lathes "manufactured" and factored by the George Adams Company before WW2, this example is probably a German Lorch

A Portass Mk. 5 badged as a George Adams - this example lacks the top slide
Amongst the plethora of models listed by Portass from the 1930s to the 1950s the 3" x 16" Mk. 5 (not to be confused with the later PD5) must be amongst the rarest - only a handful having come to light in recent years. An entirely conventional machine, the lathe was also, surprisingly, badged as a "George Adams" - a brand more normally associated with high-class machine tools with prices to match. Weighing around 50 lbs, the Mk. 5 was entirely conventional with a simple, split-bronze bearing backgeared headstock (at a ratio of 1 : 6.75) and a spindle bored through 3/8" with a No. 1 Morse taper socket and a 3/4" 12 t.p.i BSF nose. Oddly, the headstock has been found both as a bolt-on unit and cast as-one with the flat-topped , V-edged, gap bed. Driven by changewheels 3/8" thick, with a 5/8" keyed bore and a sixth-of-an-inch circular pitch - about 18.812. DP - an odd figure presumably caused by the economical use of pre-war, non-standard gear cutters. The 24-inch long leadscrew was threaded for 11 inches of its length with a 9/16" 8 t.p.i. square thread and gripped by proper clasp nuts. Although a low-cost product the lathe still had a compound slide assembly with a T-slotted 5¼ x 2½" cross slide driven by a 5/16" 18 t.p.i. screw,
Of the simplest kind, the tailstock was unable to be set-over for taper turning and held a 2-inch travel barrel (lock with a crude, direct-acting screw) with a 10 t.p.i. square thread that passed thorough the smooth-edged handwheel - an unfortunate oversight when it was likely to be gripped by oily hands.
Although most owners were happy to save the pennies and risk their fingers, Portass did offer a swing-open, cast-iron changewheel guard, though few can have been sold.
George Adams badged Portass Mk. 5 photographic essay here

亚当斯（乔治）

伦敦的乔治亚当斯

精密时钟和仪器制造商的车床


总部位于英国伦敦High Holborn的George Adams（有时称自己是“Pittler公司”）是机床经销商，制造商和装配商，他们还委托英国和欧洲的不同制造商为他们制造机器 - 作为Lorch，G.Boley，Wolf Jahn和Portass现有设计的副本而非原件。该公司出售了各种各样的车床（和相关的工具），并以其针对钟表，钟表和制造商的小型机器而闻名。然而，亚当斯与德国有着密切的联系，多年来一直是英国皮特勒公司的代表，同时也销售几乎肯定由奥斯卡·埃利希（Oscar Ehrlich）制造的大型车床。奥斯卡·埃利希（Oscar Ehrlich）是一家在开姆尼茨拥有生产基地的着名车床制造商。乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）的一个非常不寻常的车床是一个圆形的模型，最早于1902年与派特勒（Pittler）分手之后才开始提供。基于Pittler生产线，车床结合了制造商的一些功能和已知的例子生存（如果任何读者有一个，作者有兴趣知道）。乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）于1935年去世，并于20世纪30年代初期举行“关闭式”的销售活动，并将企业遗留下来的产品纳入到20世纪30年代广为人知的Tyzack＆Son公司，因为其广泛的邮购工具和机器目录。
对亚当产品的仔细检查表明，质量是高度可变的：有些机器是完全可以接受的，有些则不是那样，而各种​​设计的元素往往是善良的，而且是非常不寻常的。
下面是一个典型的较大的乔治·亚当斯车床，一个4.75“×20”的基座安装机器，非常像早期的Ehrlich（德国着名的零售商机床出口商），在其上下文时代，周到的设计和注重细节的证据。在欧洲和澳大利亚也是如此（在Aster的标牌上），它有一个沉重的铸铁底座，可以加重飞轮和踏板的重量 - 后者有非常不同寻常的曲柄连杆从脚踏板到飞轮轴的驱动。就像那个时代的许多车床一样，底座还为螺丝切割的转轮提供了一个方便的储物箱，这些储物箱分别固定在狭窄的木制货架上。
因为床是悬臂式的，所以夹在底座上时应该没有变形。车床上装有一个16“的容量间隙，一个穿过头座主轴的0.9”孔，反向翻转，背板，在皮圈上的分离式卡环螺母，一个带有适当的桶形夹的安装式尾座（而不是“分体式”那么很常见） - 最后一个关于车床质量的线索是油箱和装在尾架上的斗杆 - 所以没有理由不把润滑油（通常是有毒的白铅，而不是油）作为“后中心”它当时是知道的。画面中的艺术家（或雕刻家）似乎将上面的幻灯片限制在一个相当微小的行程中，实际上它比图示要长。
如果你有一个乔治亚当斯车床或任何描述的其他机床，作者将有兴趣收到你的来信..

乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）车床，可能由埃利希（Ehrlich）制造的4.75“×20”的基座安装机器，在欧洲和澳大利亚也有发现，后者是Aster

一个罕见的幸存者 - 仍然与其原来的脚踏板踏板驱动器

乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）的TE6 2.25“×8”精密车床 - 一种基于美国WW型的重型钟表机床。在第二次世界大战前由乔治·亚当斯公司制造的许多不同的小型精密车床，这个例子可能是德国的Lorch

Portass Mk。 5作为乔治亚当斯 - 这个例子缺乏上面的幻灯片
在Portass从20世纪30年代到50年代列出的众多车型中，3“×16”Mk。 5（不要与后来的PD5混淆）必须是最稀有的 - 近年来只有少数几个被揭露。一台完全传统的机器，车床也令人惊讶地被标记为“乔治·亚当斯”（George Adams） - 这种品牌通常与价格相匹配的高级机床相关联。重达50磅左右，Mk。 5是完全传统的，带有一个简单的裂形青铜轴承座背轴箱（比例为1：6.75），以及一个穿过3/8“的1号莫氏锥形轴承座和一个3/4”12 tpi BSF机头。奇怪的是，主轴箱已被发现作为一个螺栓固定的单位，并与平顶，V边，间隙床铸造一体。由3/8“厚的转轮驱动，带有一个5/8”键槽和六英寸的圆形螺距 - 约18.812。 DP - 一个奇怪的数字，大概是由于经济地使用战前非标准的齿轮刀造成的。将24英寸长的导螺杆用9/16“8 t.p.i方形螺纹拧入其长度为11英寸，并用合适的卡环螺母

小编薇薇

【十一】

GA Lathe Model 212   


Beautifully made, the little George Adams 21/2" centre height precision lathe has been a machine sought after by generations of amateur machinists - especially clockmakers - keen to get their hands on a genuinely high-quality product (though it must be said that the design quirks, present on nearly all George Adams's products, were present on this version too). Also found badged as the R.Kelly of Manchester & Liverpool, the lathe was almost certainly inspired by German Wolf Jahn practice with very small marks - usually saying just "Germany" in tiny letters -  sometimes being found stamped on various parts using that company's recognisable style. In addition the accessories also confirm such a connection, being constructed in an identical way and directly interchangeable with the Wolf Jahn originals. Normally sold in plain-turning form, the 21/2" could also be fitted with two types of screwcutting arrangement: the first, using a straight shaft direct from changewheels to the top slide was at odds with the normal practice of using a keyed and universally jointed shaft; the second consisted of a proper bed-mounted leadscrew - in which latter form it is particularly rare. Made for several decades, from approximately 1900 until the mid 1930s, it had a bed of typically English/German pattern, being flat on top with the location for headstock, carriage and tailstock formed by vertical flat shears between the two ways. An unusual feature was the mounting of the bed feet - they were simply bolted to rather ugly-looking lugs formed at each end of the casting. However, being finely machines on both top and bottom surfaces - and located on the machined underside of the bed - the feet did add slightly to the bed's stiffness.
Like all "Precision" George Adams lathes, the headstock of the 21/2" followed the well-established pattern for a high-quality "Bench Lathe*" of having bearings made from opposed , hardened steel cones that closed down on similar hard cones fastened to or formed as part of the spindle. Provided a supply of clean oil was maintained, this type of bearing proved capable of almost infinite life - some American lathes  (by Stark and Wade) having successfully absorbed over fifty years of commercial use without failure. The headstock spindle (or mandrel as it was then called) accepted a hardened, tapered insert that took standard 8 mm collets. This insert can, incidentally, be hard to see, being a very close fit within the 7/8" diameter, 20 t.p.i nose, and must be removed if use of the full spindle bore is required.
Designed to be driven by a round leather rope - or "gut" in popular contemporary parlance - the 3-step cast-iron pulley was locked to the spindle was a somewhat over-engineered (though delightful) collet-like  method where the smaller end of the pulley was turned parallel for a short distance and slotted with four equally-spaced slits; a large clamping ring was slipped over the slotted section and tightened by four screws until it closed down onto the spindle - the arrangement can clearly be seen in the pictures below.
Equally neat, though not unique - it also being employed by Rivett - was the method of securing the "balanced" ball-ended handles on the very long-travel compound slide rest; a long screw, with its slotted head moulded so as to blend in with the end of the ball, passed right down the stem of the cross piece to engage with the end of the feed screw. The design of the compound slide assembly was unusual, and incorporated some weaknesses; the feed screws were 25 t.p.i. with brass micrometer dials, finished, on early examples, with a double rim and traditional "rope" knurls, engraved with divisions of 0.002". The slide rest changed over the years with some being in proportion to the rest of the machine (with the expected lengths of travel) while other were noticeably different with considerably longer cross slides and more modern-looking micrometer dials. Unfortunately the top slide - which on all models had at least a useful 3 inches of movement -  had no degree marking for its swivel settings; and, equally disappointing for a quality lathe (though in line with later Schaublin practice), was the use of a long horizontal slot in the tailstock casting to act as a clamp for locking the (short) No. 1 Morse-taper barrel. The danger of the casting being over tightened, and broken off, was mitigated against (to some extent), by the provision of two adjustable stop screws that passed through the slot - one at each side of the clamping screw; the general arrangement of the tailstock slit can be seen in the third picture below.
An unusually  wide variety of accessories was available for the lathe enabling it to be used for grinding, screwcutting, precision sawing, milling and light production work.
Original colours used on George Adams lathes included plum red and emerald green.
*Including: American Watch Tool Company, Arrow, B.C.Ames, Bausch & Lomb, Benson, Boley, Bottum, Boxford, B.W.C., Carstens, Cataract, Cromwell, Crystal Lakes, CVA, Derbyshire, Elgin, Hardinge, Hjorth, Juvenia, Karger, Leinen, Levin, Lorch, Mikron, W.H.Nichols, Potter, Pratt & Whitney, Rambold, Rebmann, Remington, Rivett, Saupe, Schaublin, See (FSB), Sloan & Chace, Smart & Brown, T & L.M., U.N.D., Van Norman, Wade, Waltham Machine Works, Weisser, Wolf Jahn and (though now very rare), Frederick Pearce, Ballou & Whitcombe, Sawyer Watch Tool Co., Engineering Appliances, Fenn-Sadler and the "Cosa Corporation of New York.."


The standard GA 21/2 plain-turning lathe.


Screwcutting attachment driving through a straight shaft to the top slide - an arrangement at odds with the normal practice of using a keyed and universally jointed shaft


The maker's lever-action toolpost grinding attachment fitted neatly into the cross-slide T slot. The unit was very well built and incorporated a oil-bath gearbox to increase the wheel speed. Driven from an extension of the lathe countershaft the gearing allowed a work piece in the chuck to run at a modest 350 rpm whilst the grinding spindle rotated in the opposite direction at up to 12,000 rpm.


George Adams geared Toolpost Grinder - an expensive accessory at over half the price of the basic lathe.


GA 21/2F Precision Manufacturing Lathe. The Model F was supplied with a capstan unit mounted on the tailstock and a double-toolholder cross slide for forming and parting-off work.
The headstock was specially constructed to accept collets of a much greater-than-standard capacity - 11/16" in the nose and 9/16" pass-through - however, to achieve this within the confines of a 2.5" centre height and transmit enough power to make the enterprise worthwhile, the large-bore spindle had to run in such massive bearings that only a single wide pulley could be accommodated between them.


The Capstan tailstock  that could be fitted to all GA 21/2 lathes. The barrel had a hole of unspecified taper into which a single tool could be inserted. A rotating stop provided an accurate depth location for each rotation of the handle - with the tool being automatically ejected at the end of the stroke.

The simple Forming and Parting Single Slide that attached to the cross slide of the compound rest.
  

The long-travel tool slides of the George Adams 21/2" Precision. Note, on this example, the raiser block under the headstock to increase capacity and the spacer at the front of the cross slide to increase its travel.


GA 21/2 plain-turning lathe on the maker's very light treadle and flywheel stand


With the compound slide rest fitted

GA车床型号212


造型精美的小乔治·亚当斯21/2“中心高精密车床已经成为业余机械师，特别是钟表匠们追捧的机器，热衷于获得真正的高品质产品（尽管必须说设计怪癖，几乎所有乔治·亚当斯的产品都出现在这个版本上）还发现了曼彻斯特和利物浦的R.Kelly，这个车床几乎可以肯定受到德国人Wolf Jahn练习的启发，这个练习的分数很小 - 通常是说只是“德国”，用小写字母表示 - 有时在公司的可识别的风格上印在不同的部件上，此外，配件也确认了这种连接，以相同的方式构造，可直接与Wolf Jahn原件互换。在翻转的形式下，21/2“也可以安装两种类型的螺纹切削装置：第一种是使用直接从换向轮到上滑块的直线轴这与正常使用键和万向节轴的做法不一致;第二个包括一个合适的床铺导螺杆 - 后者形式特别少见。从大约1900年到20世纪30年代中期，制造了几十年，它有一个典型的英式/德国模式的床，顶部平坦的头部，车厢和尾座由两个垂直平板剪刀形成的位置。一个不寻常的特征是床脚的安装 - 它们被简单地栓在铸件两端形成的相当难看的凸耳上。然而，在顶部和底部表面上的精密机器上 - 位于床的加工底面上 - 脚确实增加了床的刚度。
像所有的“精密”乔治·亚当斯车床一样，21/2“的车头架跟随着高质量的”台式车床*“的成熟模式，该车型的轴承由相对的硬锥体固定在主轴上或作为主轴的一部分，只要维持清洁的润滑油供应，这种轴承的使用寿命几乎是无限的 - 一些美国车床（斯塔克和韦德）成功吸收了五十多年的商业用途， （或称之为心轴）接受了一个硬化的，带有标准8 mm夹头的锥形刀片，顺便说一下，这个刀片很难被看到，在7/8“直径内非常紧密， 20 tpi的机头，如果需要使用完整的主轴孔，则必须拆除。
被设计成由圆形皮绳（或者流行的当代说法中的“肠”）驱动的3步铸铁皮带轮被锁定在主轴上是一种有些过度设计（尽管令人愉快）的夹头式方法，滑轮平行转动一小段距离，并开有四个等间隔的狭缝;一个大的夹紧环滑过开槽部分并用四个螺钉拧紧，直到它关闭到主轴上 - 下面的图片中可以清楚地看到布置。
同样整洁，虽然不是独特的 - 它也被Rivett雇用 - 是在长途旅行的复合滑轨上固定“平衡的”球头柄的方法;一个长螺钉，其开槽头部模制成与球的端部相融合，沿着横杆的杆向下穿过，与进给螺杆的端部接合。复合滑轨组件的设计是不寻常的，并纳入一些弱点;进给螺杆是25t.p.i.用黄铜千分表制成，在早期的例子中，用一个双圈和传统的“绳索”滚花，刻有0.002“的分度。多年来滑动休息改变了一些与机器的其余部分成比例预期的旅行长度），而其他显着不同的是相当长的交叉滑梯和更现代的千分表，但不幸的是，所有型号的滑梯至少有一个3英寸的运动，没有旋转设置的标记;同样令人失望的是，一台优质车床（尽管符合后来的Schaublin实践）是在尾座铸件上使用一个长的水平槽作为锁定（短）1号莫尔斯锥筒的夹具。铸件过紧和断裂的危险通过提供两个可调节的止动螺钉（在夹紧螺钉的两侧各一个）来减轻（在某种程度上）在下面的第三幅图中可以看到尾座缝隙的大小。
车床的配件种类非常多，可用于磨削，螺纹切削，精密锯切，铣削和轻型制造等工作。
乔治亚当斯车床上使用的原始颜色包括梅红色和翠绿色。
*包括：American Watch Tool公司，Arrow，B.C.Ames，Bausch＆Lomb，Benson，Boley，Bott

小编薇薇

【十二】

G.A. Watchmakers' Lathes  


George Adams made, or marketed, both the European "Geneva" (sometimes called "Swiss") and the American WW (Webster-Whitcomb) styles of watchmaker's lathes; the American design, being a heavier and more robust machine, cost some 30% more. A wide range of additional fittings was available and the lathes could be had in a basic form, or cased together with various selections of collets and accessories - a WL Geneva-pattern lathe, for example, rose in price from £3 : 10 : 0 to £6 : 6 : 0 when presented in a lockable wooden box containing: a handrest with 2 Tee rests, a single chuck to carry 4 cement plates, a set of 12 wire collets, a single "8-screw" bell chuck, a taper-hole collet with male and female centres, driver plate, emery wheel and mandrel, circular-saw mandrel, guide pulley on eccentric arm, hollow runner No. 34 - complete with its 14 accessories - and two collet-mounted fine centres..

A "Swiss" or "Geneva" pattern light-duty watchmaker's lathe made by Lorch and sold under the George Adams label. The lathe was available in two Models: the "WL" took Size L collets of 6 mm shank whilst the "V1" accepted an 8 mm collet. In the early 1930s the smaller capacity machine cost £3 : 15 : 0 whilst the smaller was 'five-bob' cheaper at £3 : 10 : 0. The weight was 5 lbs.


George Adams AA Precision on a single foot with 12" long bed, plain runner tailstock and a headstock spindle to take Size A 8 mm collets.
Although the catalogue does not mention the fact, the lathe was constructed to American Webster-Whitcomb standards with a 1.968" centre height. The finish was in nickel plate and, at 10 lbs, it weighed twice as much as the "Geneva" pattern model shown above.


George Adams AA Precision with a 20" long bed on twin feet and fitted with a compound-slide rest,  3-jaw chuck and a heavier, screw-feed tailstock.


George Adams WW-pattern lathe with screwcutting attachment (including 14 changewheels) compound slide rest and screw-feed tailstock.
Whilst the basic WW lathe cost (in 1931) £4 : 10 : 0 this version, with a 20" bed and nickel-plate finish. was (at £16 :  1 : 0)  very nearly four times as expensive.
Unusually for such a tiny lathe the screwcutting gears were driven through what, in the UK, is called a "tumble-reverse". This clever mechanism, first used in the early part of the 19th century, consists of a pivoting arm fitted with three shafts arranged to carry gears so that two of them form an "upper pair" - one of which is meshed with an 'output' gear on the stud below. The arm moves through an arc and has three indented locations; placing the arm in its upper position causes one gear of the upper pair to engage with the headstock spindle gear and, with the spindle running "forwards", the output gear revolves in a clockwise direction. When the lever is moved so that its locating plunger locks into the lowest hole, the other gear of the upper pair is swung into engagement with the spindle gear and the direction of rotation of the drive - and hence the 'hand' of the thread being generated by the leadscrew - is reversed. In the middle position neither gear is engaged - and the spindle is able to run freely and quietly.
The output gear is often twice as long as the others - and usually divided so that the outer part can be changed to alter the drive ratio.


Tumble-reverse detail

George Adams Type GA 11/2  lathe. This model was designed for heavy-duty where it would be subjected to the rigors of production or very high-speed use. The headstock, which accepted Size L 6 mm collets, was of the "all-hard" kind with spindle and bearings manufactured from high-speed tool steel and able to run continuously at very revolutions. Although built on the WW pattern bed, the centre height was reduced to 1.5" and the accessories were the same as those designed for the lighter WL Geneva-Pattern lathe illustrated at the top of the page. Although illustrated with a simple T rest, the machine was supplied as standard with a compound slide. It cost, in the early 1930s, £8, making it more expensive than all but the best equipped of the longer-bed WW types.

George Adams Model AAA enlarged-pattern WW-type (Webster Whitcombe) lathe with a 23/8" centre-height and standard 16" bed.
For this heavier style of Watchmaker's lathe the increase in centre height from 1.968" to 2.375" brought an entirely different set of more robust headstock and tailstock castings, a longer standard bed, a range of slightly larger, strengthened accessories and a japanned finish  - but no unfortunately no increase in the size of collets that could be used .

George Adams AAA 23/8" centre-height watchmaker's lathe complete with a rather ugly and out-of-proportion 17/8" wide gap that allowed work up to 8" in diameter to be swung.  Mounted on the lathe are a variety of accessories: lever and screw-feed tailstocks, 3-jaw chuck, compound slide, hand rest with short T,  large dividing plate and pointer, vertical slide and a high-speed spindle.


Circa 1907 - a neatly-arranged (and expensive) bench and countershaft assembly driving a WW pattern watchmaker's lathe. It would be many years before similar self-contained, motorised assemblies were available for small screwcutting lathes.


The larger pattern AAA lathe on a self-contained stand with a ball-bearing countershaft. The electric motor is of the type first used on industrial sewing machines where a clutch was carried on its output shaft. These units are well-worth seeking out and rebuilding; they were designed for continuous and arduous use in garment factories and were of the very highest quality.
A similar motor and clutch unit was used in the 'Mardive' stands supplied for Pultra precision lathes in the 1950s and 1960s - Mardive being an English maker of industrial sewing-machine drive systems based in Stockport, near Manchester.

The tall stem (A) was used for tensioning the drive to ancillary equipment - high-speed milling and grinding heads for example - the middle unit (B) provided a total of 16 speeds (assuming a 4-step pulley on the motor and lathe) whilst the two-speed unit in the background (D) was listed as a "Foot Wheel" and available in two weights (24 lbs and 38 lbs) - both of which could be mounted either underneath the bench, or on the floor.

Typical of the bench countershaft made by many companies to drive their watchmakers' lathes this Lorch, or Lorch inspired unit, had a double swivel base and a choice of three pulleys to accept or transmit the drive. Used in combination with a tension-adjusting post (as illustrated above) and quickly-joined plastic - or round leather belting - this type of countershaft could be set up to drive the headstock and any type of toolpost-mounted spindle that the user cared to arrange.


G.A.制表师的车床


乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）制造或销售了欧洲的“日内瓦”（有时被称为“瑞士”）和美国的WW（韦伯斯特 - 惠特科姆）制表匠的车床;美国的设计，作为一个更重，更强大的机器，花费了30％以上。另外还有一系列附件可供选择，车床可以采用基本形式，或者与各种夹套和附件一起使用，例如WL日内瓦车床，价格从3：10：0上涨当在一个可锁定的木箱里提交时，这个木箱的尺寸是6英尺6：0，包括：一个带两个三通的扶手，一个带4个水泥板的卡盘，一套12个钢丝绳套，一个“8”螺丝卡盘，锥形孔夹头，带有凸凹中心，驱动板，金刚砂轮和心轴，圆锯心轴，偏心臂上的导向滑轮，34号中空转轮 - 配有14个附件 - 以及两个夹头安装的精密中心。

Lorch制造的“瑞士”或“日内瓦”轻型制表车床，由George Adams品牌出售。车床有两种型号可供选择：“WL”采用6毫米大小的L型夹头，而“V1”采用8毫米夹头。在20世纪30年代早期，容量较小的机器成本为3：15：0，而较小的成本为3：10：0的“五便士”便宜。重量为5磅。


乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）AA精度单脚，12英寸长床，普通尾座和一个头架主轴，采用A型8毫米大小的夹头。
虽然目录没有提到这个事实，但是这个车床是按照美国韦伯斯特 - 惠特科姆标准建造的，中心高度为1.968英寸，表面镀镍，在10磅时，重量是“日内瓦”模型的两倍如上所示。


乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）AA Precision在双脚上配备一个20英寸长的床，并配有复合滑座，三爪卡盘和更重的螺旋尾座。


乔治·亚当斯WW模式车床与螺丝切割附件（包括14转轮）复合滑动休息和螺旋进给尾座。
虽然基本的WW车床（1931年）的成本是4：10：0，但20英寸的床身和镀镍面板的价格是16：1：0，几乎是其四倍。
不寻常的是，对于这样一个小车床来说，螺纹切割的齿轮是通过在英国被称为“翻转 - 倒退”的方式来驱动的。这种十九世纪早期首次使用的巧妙机制，由一根旋转臂组成，该臂装有三根传动齿轮，用来传动齿轮，使它们中的两个形成一个“上部对” - 其中一个与一个“输出”下面的螺柱上的齿轮。手臂通过弧线移动，并有三个缩进位置;将臂放置在其上部位置导致上部对中的一个齿轮与头架主轴齿轮接合，并且在主轴“向前”运行时，输出齿轮以顺时针方向旋转。当杠杆移动使其定位柱塞锁定到最低的孔中时，上一对齿轮中的另一个齿轮摆动，与主轴齿轮和驱动器的旋转方向啮合 - 因此螺纹的“手”由导螺杆产生 - 是相反的。在中间位置，两个齿轮都没有啮合 - 主轴能够自由安静地运行。
输出齿轮通常是其他齿轮的两倍 - 通常是分开的，以便可以改变外部零件以改变传动比。


滚翻反向的细节

乔治亚当斯GA 11/2型车床。这个模型是专为重型应用而设计，可能会受到严苛的生产或高速使用的限制。主轴箱采用尺寸为L 6 mm的夹头，采用高速工具钢制造的主轴和轴承为“全硬”型，能够在极端转速下连续运转。虽然建在WW型床上，但其中心高度降低到1.5英寸，附件与为页面顶部所示的更轻的WL Geneva-Pattern车床设计的相同。机器是作为一个复合滑梯的标准供应，它在20世纪30年代初的成本是8英镑，使得它比所有的更昂贵，但最好的配置的长床WW类型。

乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）型号为AAA的放大型WW型（Webster Whitcombe）车床，其中心高23/8“，标准床16”。
对于这种重型钟表车床来说，中心高度从1.968“增加到2.375”，带来了一套完全不同的更加坚固的床头柜和尾座铸件，一个更长的标准床，一系列稍大，加强的配件和一个印花表面 - 但不幸的是没有可以使用的夹头尺寸的增加。

乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）的AAA 23/8英寸中央制表机的车床，外形相当丑陋且不合格，17/8“宽的间隙允许摆动直径达8”的工件，安装在车床上有各种配件：杠杆和螺旋进给尾座，三爪卡盘，复合滑板，短T型手托，大型分隔板和指针，垂直滑板和

小编薇薇

【十三】

G.A. Round Bed Lathe

George Adams Round Bed Lathe



A most unusual machine and of very high quality, the George Adams 4" x 19.5" round-bed lathe is especially rare. Sometimes found for bench mounting, the makers also offered a very heavy, self-contained cast-iron plinth-like stand with a built-in treadle drive, the foot pedal being to the front in the normal way with the drive pulley overhung on the left-hand face; a picture of this assembly can be seen on this page.
With a headstock bearing some similarity to that used on the Pittler B2 (for which Adams were the UK agents) it's possible that the round-bed was manufactured by the English firm of Milnes - some Pittler lathes being built by them either officially, under licence, or merely copied. As the versatile Pittler would have been an expensive lathe to engineer and clone perhaps George Adams, looking for similar functionality, retained the compact, Pittler-type epicyclic backgear (built into the largest diameter of the headstock pulley), but simplified other matters with a round instead of trapezoidal bed. Like the Pittler, the George Adams round-bed was able to rotate the complete carriage around the bed - but in this case instead of only partially, it could be turned through 180° to bring a permanently-mounted, T-slotting boring table to the top while leaving the complete compound slide rest undisturbed. In addition the lathe has a number of  other interesting features including, Mounted on the front face of the headstock was a handwheel by which means the carriage could be moved along the bed. Interestingly, this could be operated in two ways, either with a direct drive at a ratio of 1 : 1 or though built-in reduction gearing that gave a carriage advance of 0.010" per revolution. Inside the handwheel was a pair of gears, one small the other large, with the former connected to a push button that allowed it to be engaged and disengaged. When engaged the pair of gears acted as an epicyclic - though of course for this to happen the larger gear had to be locked in place, this being achieved by a peg on the handwheel-mount engaging a hole in the larger gear. With the gears engaged and the larger gear locked, when the assembly was rotated the reduction in ratio was obtained.
In practice users found that the 1 : 1 ratio was difficult to use: the handle being too small and the torque needed to turn it considerable. However, the reduction mechanism worked perfectly and was the one used most of the time; if a faster rate of feed was needed, for example to reposition the carriage quickly, the large handwheel at the tailstock end of the leadscrew worked with ease.
To engage, disengage and reverse the hand-feed feed a sliding knob was provided at the front base of the headstock; sliding the knob to the right caused the carriage to advance towards the headstock when the handwheel was turned anti-clockwise (and vice-versa). Setting the knob to the left reversed the motion so that turning the handwheel anti-clockwise moved the carriage away from the headstock (and vice-versa). With the knob in the central position the leadscrew was disengaged and could then be turned by the tailstock-end handwheel. The same sliding mechanism also engaged the screwcutting feed between the changewheel train and the leadscrew - two oil caps at the back of the headstock allowing lubrication of the internal gears that connected everything together.  In addition  the lathe was also fitted with an automatic disengage to the carriage drive - a rod being attached to the slider that engaged and disengaged the leadscrew feed. With the slider pushed to the right and the screwcutting (power) feed operating, the rod and slider moved out together towards the carriage and, when contact was made, the carriage pushed the slider back to its central position and so disengaged the drive. In theory it would have been possible to add extensions to the disengagement rod using and screwcut for a fixed distance or up to a shoulder - though for safety this would have need a slow spindle speed and care in setting up. While lathes of this type and class are frequently found with some sort of indexing arrangement on the headstock - usually one or more circles of holes drilled into the front face of the headstock pulley with an indent pin for registration - the George Adams arrangement was different with the flat front face of the largest headstock pulley inscribed every 10° with a line. Bearing against the face, and providing a reference point, was the flatted tip  of a bronze bar bolted, at its lower end, to the outside face of the headstock. Thus equipped, it was possible for a turner to index the spindle to a chosen poition - but not lock it..
  

Of evidently high quality, this round-bed George Adams has been in the hands of one owner since 1981 and has recently complete all the machining necessary to built a 3 inch scale (7.25 inch narrow gauge) Hunslet quarry-type steam locomotive


In this photograph the carriage-feed handwheel has been removed from the front face of the headstock showing, below the mounting boss, the pin that locked the large gear to convert the mechanism to a slow-feed epicyclic drive.
  


Like the lathe that might have been the inspiration for the George Adams Round-bed, the

Pittler B2 , the headstock was fitted with an epicyclic (speed-reducing) backgear system.


Backgear was provided by epicyclic gearing built into an extension to the front face of the headstock pulley. Above the epicyclic gear lock is shown free and below engaged. With the pin holding the inner drum from rotating, the sun and planet pinions inside caused the right-hand drum (and hence the spindle to which it is attached) to turn at a reduced speed. Exactly the same arrangement was used on the Pittler B2 lathe for which George Adams was the  
  


For comparison, the headstock assembly of the Pittler B2  
  

An interesting innovation was the provision of a handwheel by

which means the carriage could be moved along the bed.
  


Inside the fine and coarse-fine-feed mechanism. In this setting the plunger pushed in and the smaller gear engaged with the larger
  


Plunger pulled out and the gears disengaged
  

Carriage-feed handwheel has been removed from the front face of the headstock showing, below the mounting boss, the pin that locked the large gear to convert the mechanism to a slow-feed epicyclic drive. Also visible, bottom right, is the engagement knob for the screwcutting and power drive the carriage

Although almost certainly not original, the countershaft is a good match to the lathe

The original drive would have been by a round leather "gut" rope,


Little was overlooked - even oil caps being provided to allow lubrication of the leadscrew where it passed through the headstock-end casting
  

A long-travel top slide with two T-slots

The whole saddle assembly could be rotated around the bed to bring a T-slotted boring table to the top. Fitted with good-size micrometer dials the compound slide rest was of rugged construction - and note the rack screwed to the side of the top slide and the hole formed in its base casting, these being the components of a lever-feed attachment. A clue to the age of the lathe lies in the use of awkward-to-use crank  
  
An early quick-set toolpost by the chuck maker Burnerd, the Type TP1, a unit manufactured during the 1950s for use on small lathes


G.A.圆床车床

乔治·亚当斯圆床车床



乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）4“×19.5”圆床车床是一台非常不寻常的机床，质量非常高。有时也发现在台式安装时，制造商还提供了一个非常沉重的，独立的铸铁底座式的脚架，内置踏板驱动器，脚踏板正常地位于前方，驱动滑轮悬在左手脸这个大会的图片可以在这个页面上看到。
由于主轴箱与Pittler B2（英国代理商为亚当斯（Adams）是英国代理商）所使用的主轴箱有一些相似之处，因此圆床可能由英国Milnes公司制造 - 一些Pittler车床是由他们根据许可证正式建造的，或者只是复制。由于多功能的Pittler本来就是一个昂贵的车床来设计和克隆，乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）寻找类似的功能，保留了紧凑的Pittler型行星背架（内置于头架皮带轮的最大直径），但简化了其他事项而不是梯形床。和皮特勒一样，乔治·亚当斯的圆形床也能够围绕床旋转整个车厢 - 但在这种情况下，不是只有部分，而是可以转动180°，将一个永久安装的T形槽镗床顶部，同时留下完整的复合滑动休息不受干扰。此外，车床还有其他一些有趣的功能，包括：在主轴箱的前面安装了一个手轮，通过这个手轮可以使支架沿着床移动。有趣的是，这可以通过两种方式来操作，一种是以1：1的比例直接驱动，另一种是内置的减速传动装置，每转一圈可以提前0.010“，手轮内部是一对齿轮，一个小的另一个大，前者连接到一个按钮，使它可以接合和脱离。当啮合的齿轮作为一个行星 - 当然，虽然这发生，较大的齿轮必须锁定到位，这是通过手轮上的挂钩与较大的齿轮上的一个孔啮合来实现的。当齿轮啮合并且较大的齿轮被锁定时，当组件旋转时，获得比率的减小。
在实践中，用户发现1：1的比例很难使用：手柄太小，需要的扭矩相当大。但减排机制运作良好，是大部分时间使用的机制;如果需要更快的进给速度，例如快速重新定位滑架，导螺杆尾架上的大手轮就能轻松工作。
为了接合，分离和倒转手动进给，在头架的前部底座处设置有滑动旋钮;当手轮逆时针转动（反之亦然）时，将旋钮向右滑动导致滑架向头架前进。将旋钮向左旋转可逆转动作，以便将手轮逆时针旋转，使托架远离主轴箱（反之亦然）。旋钮处于中心位置时，丝杠脱开，然后可由尾架手轮转动。同样的滑动机构也接合转轮系和导螺杆之间的螺旋切削进给 - 在主轴箱后部的两个油帽允许润滑连接所有部件的内部齿轮。此外，车床还装有一个与滑架驱动装置自动分离的装置 - 一个连接在滑块上的杆，用于接合和松开导螺杆送料装置。当滑块向右移动并且螺旋切割（动力）进给操作时，杆和滑块一起朝向滑架移出，并且当接触时，滑架将滑块推回到其中心位置并且因此使驱动器脱离。从理论上讲，可以使用和拧开固定距离或直到肩部加上分离杆的延伸部分 - 尽管为了安全起见，这将需要较慢的主轴转速并小心设置。虽然这种类型和类别的车床经常在主轴箱上找到某种索引装置 - 通常是在主轴皮带轮的前表面上钻出一个或多个圆孔，并带有一个用于对齐的压入销 - 乔治·亚当斯的安排与最大头轴皮带轮的平坦前面每隔10°刻一条线。靠在脸上，并提供一个参考点，是青铜棒的平头尖端，其下端螺栓连接到头架的外表面。如此装备，翻车机可以将主轴转到选定的位置 - 但不能将其锁定。
  

显然高品质的这个乔治·亚当斯（George Adams）自1981年以来一直在一个所有者的手中，最近完成了所有必要的加工，以建造一个3英寸（7.25英寸窄）Hunslet采石场型蒸汽机车


在这张照片里